What type of parenting is characterized by rigidity and a lack of warmth?

The correct answer is characterized by a parenting style where rules and expectations are rigidly enforced, often without providing emotional support or warmth. In this approach, parents typically have high expectations but do not engage in open communication or nurturing behaviors with their children. This can lead to a relationship that lacks affection and responsiveness, which can negatively impact a child's emotional development and wellbeing.

In contrast, authoritative parenting is known for balancing high expectations with warmth and responsiveness. Permissive parenting offers significant emotional support but lacks the necessary structure and discipline, leading to fewer expectations. Neglectful parenting, while it may also lack warmth, is defined more by the absence of engagement and involvement rather than a rigid enforcement of rules. Hence, the defining characteristics of rigidity and lack of warmth clearly align with the authoritarian parenting style.