What is the outcome associated with Erikson's stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt?

In Erikson's psychosocial development theory, the stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt occurs during early childhood, typically between the ages of 1 and 3. This stage is crucial for fostering a sense of independence in children. When parents and caregivers encourage exploration and allow children to make choices, kids develop a sense of autonomy, confidence, and self-sufficiency. Successful navigation of this stage results in a child feeling secure in their ability to act independently.

If a child is overly restricted or criticized during this phase, they may develop feelings of shame and doubt about their capabilities. However, the successful outcome—marked by the ability to assert one's will and make choices—leads to positive self-reliance and confidence. Therefore, the outcome most closely associated with this stage is successful independence, illustrating how children learn to navigate their environment effectively and build a positive sense of self.