Which term describes biological growth processes that lead to orderly changes in behavior, largely independent of experience?

The term that describes biological growth processes leading to orderly changes in behavior, largely independent of experience, is maturation. Maturation refers to the natural progression of growth and development that occurs in an individual, guided by genetic and biological factors. It encompasses a series of changes that unfold in a predictable sequence, such as physical, cognitive, and emotional development, often exemplified by developmental milestones seen in children as they age.

The significance of maturation lies in the idea that these changes occur without direct experiential input or learning in the environment. For instance, as children grow, they may reach stages such as walking or talking at certain ages, regardless of the teaching or training they receive. This process is intrinsic and primarily influenced by genetic predispositions.

In contrast, learning involves changes in behavior resulting from experience and may be shaped by various factors such as training, instruction, or practice. Development, while it encompasses both maturation and learning, does not specifically capture the biological aspect distinct to maturation. Conditioning pertains to a process through which behaviors are modified through reinforcement or punishment, typically learned behaviors, rather than biologically driven changes.